As Seymour Sarason (1959), a major early contributor to theory and research on test anxiety, observed, “We live in a test‐conscious, test‐giving culture in which the lives of people are in part determined by their test performance” (p. Consequently, it is not surprising that test anxiety is a pervasive problem for many students who are so disturbed by the stress associated with taking tests that they experience substantial decrements in performance in evaluative situations. During examinations, individuals high in test anxiety are more likely to experience frequent and intense elevations in anxiety as an emotional state (S‐Anxiety), greater activation of the autonomic nervous system, and more self‐centered worry and task‐irrelevant thoughts that interfere with attention and performance. Given these characteristics, test anxiety can be viewed as a situation‐specific personality trait (Spielberger, Gonzalez, Taylor, Algaze, & Anton, 1978).

Jan 3, 2014 - First, the State Anxiety Scale (S-Anxiety) evaluates the current state of anxiety, asking. Not surprisingly, since the S-Anxiety scale tends to detect transitory states, test–retest. Spielberger C. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. These PMC articles are best viewed in the iBooks reader.

Description of Measure: The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a commonly used measure of trait and state anxiety (Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983). It can be used in clinical settings to diagnose anxiety and to distinguish it from depressive syndromes. It also is often used in research as an indicator of caregiver distress Form Y, its most popular version, has 20 items for assessing trait anxiety and 20 for state anxiety.

State anxiety items include: “I am tense; I am worried” and “I feel calm; I feel secure.” Trait anxiety items include: “I worry too much over something that really doesn’t matter” and “I am content; I am a steady person.” All items are rated on a 4-point scale (e.g., from “Almost Never” to “Almost Always”). Higher scores indicate greater anxiety. The STAI is appropriate for those who have at least a sixth-grade reading level. Internal consistency coefficients for the scale have ranged from.86 to.95; test-retest reliability coefficients have ranged from.65 to.75 over a 2-month interval (Spielberger et al., 1983). Test-retest coefficients for this measure in the present study ranged from.69 to.89.

Considerable evidence attests to the construct and concurrent validity of the scale (Spielberger, 1989). Studies also have shown that it is a sensitive predictor of caregiver distress over time, and that it can vary with changes in support systems, health, and other individual characteristics (Elliott, Shewchuk, & Richards, 2001; Shewchuk, Richards & Elliott, 1998).

References Elliott, T, Shewchuk, R, & Richards, J.S. Family caregiver problem solving abilities and adjustment during the initial year of the caregiving role.

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Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 223-232. Shewchuk, R., Richards, J. S., & Elliott, T. Dynamic processes in health outcomes among caregivers of patients with spinal cord injuries. Health Psychology, 17, 125-129.

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Spielberger, C. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Bibliography (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Spielberger, C.

D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.