• T is defined by “Terre”, which gives a TT system, which is the how the load chassis is grounded to earth using an earthing electrode. Knigu irka hortica vibor vedjmi. • N is defined by “Neutral” which defines the load chassis as connected to neutral. This gives a TN system, which is how the load chassis is connected to earth using either a neutral or a protective earthing (PE) conductor. • The third letter indicate how the neutral and PE conductors are utilized • C is defined by “Combined” which means that the neutral and PE conductors are combined into one conductor (PEN conductor) that acts as the current return conductor during both steady state and fault conditions.

The LPI Earthing Calculator is designed to give an indicative result to assist with the preliminary planning of an earthing installation. It calculates both the expected system resistance, and the quantity of Grip or Reslo earth enhancing compounds. The LPI Earthing Calculator is designed to give an indicative result to assist with the preliminary planning of an earthing installation. It calculates both the expected system resistance, and the quantity of Grip or Reslo earth enhancing compounds.

• S is defined by “Separated” which means that the neutral and PE conductors are separated and independent from each other. • The TN-C-S earthing type has four letters and the fourth letter, just like the third letter, indicates how the neutral and PE conductors are utilized. The TN-C-S start from the source (such as a utility company) with a combined PEN conductor until a service entry point, e.g. A residential unit, is reached.

Alcatel office 4200 manual. As soon as the customer’s service entry point is crossed, the earthing conductor will separate into two separate conductors, which are the neutral and the PE conductors. IT System The earthing type for an IT system is marked by using 2 letters and a term: • The first letter, I, is defined by “Isolated” which defines the neutral as is either not connected to earth or indirectly connected to earth through a high impedance.

• The second letter, T, is defined by “Terre” which defines the load chassis as connected to earth using an earthing electrode. • The term that follows the IT earthing types are defined as follows: • Individual: The chassis of each load is earthed separately from the neighboring load chassis. • In Groups: Different loads are separated into groups and then the chassis of each load in a group is interconnected with the other chassis within the same group. The different groups are then earthed individually. • Collective: All of the chassis of all the loads are interconnected and then earthed.

Part of the system uses a combined PEN conductor, which is at some point split up into separate PE and N lines. The combined PEN conductor typically occurs between the substation and the entry point into the building, and separated in the service head.

In the UK, this system is also known as protective multiple earthing (PME), because of the practice of connecting the combined neutral-and-earth conductor to real earth at many locations, to reduce the risk of broken neutrals - with a similar system in Australia being designated as multiple earthed neutral (MEN).

The most powerful and accurate suite of commercially available grounding (earthing) and electromagnetic analysis software packages on the market. A complete array of auxiliary software tools are included in the CDEGS suite to complement, support and enhance the methods used to solve various problems involving grounding, electromagnetic interference, electromagnetic fields and transient phenomena that can be tackled by CDEGS.

Description CDEGS ( Current Distribution, Electromagnetic Interference, Grounding and Soil Structure Analysis) is a powerful set of integrated software tools designed to accurately analyze a variety of electromagnetic related problems encountered in all industries involving electric networks. A variety of advanced solvers provide adapted approaches to your problems • Direct solutions of Maxwell’s equations. • Circuit-based analyses. • Finite element methods. • Inversion algorithms. • Fast Fourier transforms and transient analysis.

• Hybrid methods. • Stunning graphics. Includes all electromagnetic coupling modes • Conduction, through metallic elements, coatings and the earth itself.

• Magnetic induction. • Capacitive effects. Modeling elements • Complex soil structures such as the multi-region, horizontally layered soil with an arbitrary number of layers and resistivities and single-regions consisting of cylindrical, hemispherical, hemispheroidal, inclined, vertical and horizontal layers. Finally, horizontal multilayer soils that can include embedded finite soil volumes with arbitrary resistivities are available to help you tackle the most challenging project. • Conductors and pipes, physical dimensions and electromagnetic properties. • Metallic Plates. • Multi-component concentric cables and cables contained in an enclosure.